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    The wildcard in family-controlled firms: undue influence

    Accountability Corporate Governance Decision Making Family Business Management
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    The limited liability company is a great construct; an efficient vehicle for commerce, through which to pursue an overall aim (purpose) and to distribute wealth (however defined) over an extended period. What's more, mixed levels of ownership are possible; greater economies of scale are attainable (beyond what a sole trader or entrepreneur could typically achieve); and, importantly for absentee shareholders, liability is limited to the extent of the capital invested. 
    Though they offer many benefits, the limited liability company is not without flaws—it is a social construction after all, and a complex dynamic one at that. The motivations, priorities and interests of various interested parties (shareholders, directors, managers and staff, amongst others) are often different. Contexts change, and egos can get in the way as well. Left unbridled, differences can fester, morale can suffer and, in more extreme cases, the company can be torn apart. Wynyard Group and Carillion are two recent example but there are many others. Family firms are not immune to such challenges. In fact, when the wildcard of family dynamics is added to the mix, family firms are actually more, not less, susceptible. Though not always visible, the spectre of undue influence often lurks as a contributing factor, as the following discussion reveals:
    Failure to differentiate the roles of 'shareholder' and 'director': Let's start with some definitions. A shareholder is a person or entity that owns shares in a company. Ownership of shares affords certain rights, such as, selecting directors, receiving dividends and participating in major decisions. But those rights do not extend to running the business. That is the responsibility of managers, a delegation via the directors. In family firms, the roles of shareholder, director and manager can become blurred, especially when an influential family member holds multiple roles.​
    The most common expression of undue influence that I've seen over the years relates to decision-making at the board table: a director with a significant shareholding 'expects' to influence significant decisions in their favour because they own a large parcel of shares. The important distinction that is lost (sometimes it is 'conveniently' neglected) in such situations is that the board meeting is not a proxy for a shareholder meeting. Shareholders and directors vote differently. Shareholder voting is conducted on a 'one vote per share' basis, whereas each director has a single vote at the board table. Regardless of whether directors hold shares or not, every director has an equal say.
    If situations like this arise, they need to be nipped in the bud. If they are not, board meetings become a farce; the other directors puppets. This is far from acceptable, especially when the duty of acting in the best interests of the company (not any particular shareholder) is factored in. In most cases that I have observed, attempts to exert such [undue] influence tends to stem from ignorance and a desire to do what they think is fair, not malice. Usually, a quiet discussion with the director concerned is often all that is needed to resolve the matter. Another family member or an outsider (an independent director if there is one, or some other trusted advisor) are useful candidates for this task.
    Treating the company as little more than a personal bank account:​ If I had a dollar for each time I've seen this in family firms... Recently, while observing a board meeting as part of an advisory engagement, a director asked, "Why are we always so short of cash when we are supposedly highly profitable?". The discussion that followed was both enlightening and disturbing—and, sadly, it was not the first time that I'd heard it play out. One director with banking access had been buying personal items with company funds and, from time to time, had been taking 'petty cash' for personal use. He saw nothing wrong with this because "it's my firm anyway".
    If a director or shareholder uses company funds to acquire personal items, or uses the company bank account as if it were their own, they are acting in their own interests (whatever those may be). Their actions may put the viability of the company at risk as well. Neither of these motivations is permissible in law. Any shareholder wanting money from the company needs to ask the company, not just take it (that's theft!). Valid payment options include shareholder salaries (payment for effort/services rendered), dividends (a share of the profits), donations (but these may be taxable) and director's fees. ​The company may also agree to lend money to the shareholder. Regardless of the motivation or the payment option, a written policy which outlines the rules and conditions pertaining to payments to shareholders can help mitigate misunderstandings.
    Employment of family members and related matters: ​Another expression of undue influence is the situation in which a family member 'pulls rank' to secure employment for themselves or another family member. While any family member may nominate anyone else (including other family members), to foist a particular person onto a manager is completely unreasonable. If managers are to be held accountable for performance, they  need to be free to make reasonable employment decisions themselves, in accordance with employment policy. In family firms, it is a good idea to add a section entitled 'Employment of family members' in the policy, to set out the rules the be applied whenever a family member is being considered for a role. 
    While none of these examples of undue influence is unique to family firms, they are usually more visible (and often more destructive) in family firms. Once discovered, they need to be resolved. If not, family relationships can become strained, even to the point of breaking down. Actions that families might consider taking to prevent or at least mitigate the types of problems summarised here include:
    • ​A set of written policies, that specify various operating boundaries. Employment of family members and payments to family members are two areas in which policies can be especially beneficial.
    • A shareholder's agreement, which specifies how family members will interact with the company in matters relating to the company including acquiring and disposing of shares, employment, major decisions, dividends and voting rights, amongst others.
    • A functional board of directors (and associated governance framework), to set strategy, approve policy and oversee the operation of the firm (in accordance with the approved strategy and policy).
    • A communications framework, which outlines both the frequency and form of communications between the company and shareholders (and other stakeholders including non-shareholding family members).
    Boards wanting to explore matters mentioned here should get in touch directly to arrange a private briefing.
    This article is the second of three on the topic, 'Governance in family-controlled companies'. The first explored some items that are currently front-of-mind for many directors and shareholders of family-controlled firms. The third article, which will present recommendations to improve board effectiveness, will follow in late 2018.
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    The board of directors: a family business perspective

    Accountability Corporate Governance Decision Making Director Development Family Business Governance Leadership Management
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    From entering the business lexicon less than quarter of a century ago, 'corporate governance' has come a long way. Prior to 2000, the term was rarely mentioned in business discussions much less amongst the general public. Boards and directors directed the affairs of the firm, and that was it. Now the term is ubiquitous. Its usage has changed over time as well: from describing the functioning of the board of directors, the term is now used to describe all manner of corporate activity, much of which bears little if any semblance to the board or governance at all.
    The proclivity to use the terms 'governance' and 'corporate governance' has trickled down from big business to now infect family-controlled firms. Well-intentioned but inappropriate usage—notably advisers (typically, but only accounting firms) making assertions such as "You need governance"—has had unintended consequences. When attention is diverted away from running and overseeing the business to "implement governance" (whatever that means or entails) without justification, costs have a tendency to go up not down, and a whole new set of problems including confusion, consternation and strained relationships often follow.
    Over the last two decades, I've had the privilege of working with the directors and shareholders of hundreds of family-controlled firms, ranging from 'mom and pop' operations to much larger (multi-hundred million dollar) enterprises. Awareness of (and interest in) governance has become palpable, more so if a director has just read an article or heard a talk from an expert purporting a 'best practice' governance solution. Yet directors know that a single answer rarely works everywhere. Context is crucial in business; every situation is, to a greater or lesser extent, unique. As a consequence, the universal application of a formulaic 'best practice' solution does not make much sense. Recognition of this gives rise to many questions, especially from the shareholders and directors of family-controlled firms. Here is a selection of the more frequently asked ones:
    • Do we actually need a board?  If the business is a company, yes. But remember that a board is, straightforwardly, a term used to describe the directors collectively.
    • Do we need governance? This question often masks another question: whether the 'practices' of governance are always required. The answer to both is 'it depends'. If all of the directors are also managers and shareholders, and all of the shareholding is held by serving directors (as is generally the case in small firms), then the practice of meeting regularly as a board to set strategy and policy, hold management to account and provide an account to shareholders is redundant. However, once a modicum of separation between shareholding, directors and managers starts to emerge (i.e., some shareholders are no longer directors, or vice versa; or some directors do not work in the business), then its makes sense to embrace board meetings and associated reporting. Another trigger for establishing normative governance practices is the appointment of an independent director.
    • We've been told to appoint at least one independent director, because that is best practice. Is it? Not necessarily. Independence has long been held out as a proxy for better decision-making. For example, most stock markets specify a minimum number of independent directors if the company is to be listed. Yet no categorical link between independence and decision quality, much less better firm performance has been found. However, that is not to say that shareholders should avoid appointing an independent director. If the board lacks some important expertise or needs an extra perspective, an external appointment can be incredibly helpful to the quality of board deliberations and decisions.
    • Our accountant has offered to be a director. Should we take up the offer? Probably not, because to do so introduces an inherent conflict of interest. The accountant (or, accounting firm) is a servant of management, charged with providing specialist financial and reporting expertise. If he/she also sits on the board, then they are, in effect, monitoring themselves, 'marking their own work'', so to speak. Boards that lack financial acumen (for example) should seek such expertise from an external director; there are plenty of highly-skilled people with the requisite technical and governance expertise available. 
    • We are not sure that our 'independent' director is acting in our best interests. What options do we have? First, every director has a duty to act in the best interests of the company, not the shareholder or any other party. If a director, regardless of whether they hold shares or not, demonstrates biases for a particular stakeholder or appears to lack independent judgement, the matter should be raised with them. If the behaviour continues, consider releasing them. 
    • How often should the board meet? There is no hard and fast rule, other than the legal requirement for the board to meet at least once per year. Practically speaking however, the recommended frequency is "as often as is needed to fulfil duties". The boards of family-controlled businesses domiciled in the UK, New Zealand and Australia tend to meet once per month or once every two months, whereas the boards of US-based firms typically meet quarterly. 
    • We've been told to create an advisory board. Is this a good idea?​ No. 
    These questions are typical of those that have been front-of-mind for the directors and shareholders of the family-controlled firms that I've interacted with in recent months. Curiously, questions about social interaction, boardroom behaviour and family dynamics (the human dimensions) are asked far less often. This, despite the board being a collective of directors—people—who are required to work together in the best interests of the firm. Boards that resolve these so-called 'soft' questions tend to be more effective. But more on that next time.
    This article is the first of three on the topic of 'Governance in family-controlled companies'. The second, which explores undue influence and the impact of family dynamic is available here. A final instalment, which will make suggestions to improve board effectiveness, will follow in late 2018. Boards wanting to discuss matters raised in these articles should get in touch directly to arrange a private briefing.
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    Helping entrepreneurs understand the role of the board

    Conferences Entrepreneur Family Business Governance Performance Speaking Engagements Strategy
    Entrepreneurs—that group of individuals who put their resources and, often, their reputation on the line, in pursuit of a big dream—are interesting people. Some are brash and larger than life; others are quieter and more considered. Despite variations in style and personality, one common thread that binds entrepreneurs is the importance of leveraging (often limited) resources to best advantage to maximise the chance of seeing their dream realised. One important and oft-overlooked resource is the board of directors. Some of the questions I've heard entrepreneurs ask include:
    • What is a board, what is corporate governance and why even have a board?
    • What role can the board of directors play in the success of entrepreneurial businesses?
    • Don't boards just get in the way most of the time?
    • What viable models exist, to ensure the board adds value?
    • How should the board–manager relationship be managed?
    • How can I leverage the board's knowledge without them 'getting in the way'?
    I will be in Brisbane Australia on Tue 7 February 2017 to help entrepreneurs and directors of entrepreneurial businesses explore these questions. The Brisbane branch of Entrepreneurs' Organisation, a global network of more than 10,000 business owners in 42 countries, has invited me to deliver a talk and to host a workshop for members. The title of the two sessions are as follows:
    • The board as a value-creating engine (talk over breakfast)
    • Boards, corporate governance and so on—what does it all mean, and who cares? (morning workshop)
    If you would like to know more, follow the link, or get in touch with the team at EO Brisbane Events.
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    On corporate governance: The importance of a common understanding

    Accountability Ethics Family Business Governance Performance
    Corporate governance—the concept and the practice—has been the subject of much debate over the past two or three decades, especially as researchers, shareholders and the public have sought to make sense of the extent and meaning of the term and the appropriate role of the board.
    A cacophony of ideas and understandings have now pervaded our academies and directors' institutes (including that the scope of corporate governance extends well beyond the boardroom to include the whole of the organisation). As a concequence, the appropriate role of the board is not clear. Is it one of oversight and control, or is the pursuit of performance more important? The answer to this question is dependent on one other: What exactly is corporate governance? Many directors have become confused about these questions and, as a result, the appropriate role and contribution of the board.
    Thankfully, a straightforward answer is at hand.
    The term 'corporate governance' was coined just 56 years ago by Richard Eells, an academic. He used the term to describe "the structure and functioning of the corporate polity" (the board of directors). Sir Adrian Cadbury added that corporate governance is "the means by which companies are directed and controlled". In other words, corporate governance is an overarching term to encapsulate what boards (should) do as corporate goals are pursued. Corporate governance frameworks (such as those proposed by Tricker and Garratt) provide the underlying detail: they describe how the board should steer and guide the company it is responsible for governing. 
    Directors expecting to make effective contributions in 2017 and beyond would be well-advised to consider this what–how distinction very carefully: a common (and agreed) understanding is crucial if the board is to work harmoniously and decision-making is to be effective.
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    How can boards exert influence from the boardroom?

    Accountability Decision Making Family Business Governance Research
    A burning question for many directors is encapsulated in the title of this muse. In recent years, the business media has published many stories about boards; questionable board practices; assertive CEOs that 'take over': and, missteps and failures that seem to emanate from the boardroom. Some of these stories are justified, whereas others lack substance. Alongside, the academic community has investigated the question, although typically from the perspective of a desk-based researcher using public data or, at best, interview comments. Reliable knowledge about the board's role in influencing business performance has remained elusive. Sadly, unsubstantiated claims have filled the void.
    I have spent several years investigating the question of board influence beyond the boardroom as well, to discover whether boards are simply disempowered groups that meet to rubber stamp decisions, or whether influence (especially over firm performance) is possible. The quest has included longitudinal observations of board meetings; interviews with chairmen, directors and chief executives; and, the analysis of very large piles (mountains, seemingly!) of board papers, minutes, reports and observation notes. Useful insights have been gleaned from informal discussions with directors have provided useful insights as well.
    While no definitive answers to the burning question have emerged (in any predictable sense anyway), a pattern is clearly apparent:
    • Influence is possible. The board's active and sustained involvement in an agreed set of strategic management tasks (especially strategy formulation, strategic decision-making and verifying strategic outcomes are being achieved) is crucial if the board's interventions are to have any effect on the achievement of desired business performance goals. Director capability, board activity and boardroom behaviours matter. Specifically, the harmonious expression of five underlying behaviours are necessary if the board is to have any impact.
    • However, outcomes are not guaranteed. The board does not operate the company directly (that task is normally assigned to the chief executive), and many other factors both within and outside the company (most of which are outside the board's direct control) can affect actual performance. 
    Findings have been written up in my doctoral thesis. These findings are summarised in two published papers, with similar sounding titles.
    • How boards influence business performance: Developing an explanation. This paper was published in Leadership and Organization Development Journal (Volume 37, Issue 8), an academic journal.
    • Board influence from and beyond the boardroom: A provisional explanation. This paper was warmly received (it received the best paper award) at the European Institute of Advanced Management Studies' 13th Annual Workshop on Corporate Governance in Milan in late October 2016.
    Copies of the papers are available here. If you want to know more, please get in touch. I'd be glad to discuss the findings (especially the implications and guidance for practice) with any board or group intent on realising and sustaining high levels of company performance.
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    Who (should have) the most say on the boards of family businesses?

    Accountability Decision Making Family Business Governance
    I arrived back in New Zealand this morning from six productive days in London (client and new business meetings) and three days in Milan (EIASM conference: day one and day two summaries). My first morning back is typically consumed attending to any non-urgent mail (envelopes and packages, not email) that may have arrived. Today was no different. Then the phone rang. The person on the other end, a director named Simon (not his real name) wanted some advice. He was struggling to settle a dispute that had been simmering in a family business boardroom for a couple of months. Tempers were starting to become frayed.
    The board in question comprised six directors, three of whom were also shareholders (one was the managing director). The other three (including Simon) were independent directors. The dispute arose when one of the non-executive directors (who held approximately 28 per cent of the company's shares) disagreed with the other directors on a strategically important issue. After some discussion, Simon revealed that the director expected to influence the decision "commensurate with my shareholding". The other directors were not sure how to proceed. Thankfully, they sought external guidance before things got out of hand.
    This vignette is not uncommon in family-owned businesses (regardless of size, sector or complexity). It occurs when when non-executive directors want to exert 'power' and the board as a whole is not adequately informed about its duties and responsibilities. Unchecked it has the potential to cause significant damage. Fortunately, and notwithstanding the social tensions, the issue is far from insoluble. 
    ​While debate (including vigorous debate) is to be encouraged in the boardroom (the research literature has associated vigorous debate with higher quality decision-making), directors need to understand that no one director necessarily has any more (or less) power than any other. When it comes to decision-making, all have an equal 'say'—one vote—because the board being a collective of peers required to make decisions together.
    ​Problems can occur if non-executive directors attempt to wield 'power' through their shareholding, even though shareholding has no relevance in the boardroom at all. Non-executive directors can (sometimes conveniently) lose sight of this, especially when an issue of importance to them is being debated or they hold strongly-held views on an issue. In the heat of the moment, they can confuse their director and shareholder decision rights (one vote per director v. one vote per share, respectively). Director decision rights apply when the board is in session (during board meetings). In contrast, shareholder decision rights apply in shareholder meetings only (e.g., the annual general meeting). Directors need to both comprehend this distinction and act accordingly, if the board is to be a place of productive decision-making.
    If you'd like to know more, about decision-making in the boardroom or any other aspect of good board practice, please let me know. I'd be delighted to serve you.