Strategy - Peter Crow | Helping boards govern with impact

Published on: 25 March 2017

A journey towards understanding, a milestone achieved!

Longstanding readers of Musings may recall that I embarked on a journey in 2012, to try to understand whether boards of directors are able to influence the performance of the company they govern and, if so, how. The journey has been long and arduous, with many challenges and setbacks along the way to be overcome.

That journey, my quest to answer a most difficult question, has reached an important milestone, the awarding of a doctorate degree. I'm thrilled that the examination panel has seen fit to recognise the groundbreaking research, a longitudinal study of the boards of two large high-growth companies. The panel's decision confirms the validation provided by the academic community late last year. Here is the doctoral citation:

Boards of directors have been the subject of considerable research attention in recent decades. While a large body of knowledge has been published, substantive evidence to explain how boards actually exert influence over firm performance from the boardroom has remained elusive. Crow conducted a longitudinal multiple-case study of two large New Zealand-based high-growth companies. Data was collected from direct observations of boards in session, and multiple secondary and tertiary sources, creating a rich and rare data source. The analysis revealed numerous insights, leading to a mechanism-based model of the governance–performance relationship and an explanation of how boards can exert influence beyond the boardroom including on firm performance.

Copies of the abstract and full thesis are now available. If you want to ask a question, discuss some aspect the research or understand the implications for board effectiveness, please get in touch.

Published on: 10 January 2017

Helping entrepreneurs understand the role of the board

Entrepreneurs—that group of individuals who put their resources and, often, their reputation on the line, in pursuit of a big dream—are interesting people. Some are brash and larger than life; others are quieter and more considered. Despite variations in style and personality, one common thread that binds entrepreneurs is the importance of leveraging (often limited) resources to best advantage to maximise the chance of seeing their dream realised. One important and oft-overlooked resource is the board of directors. Some of the questions I've heard entrepreneurs ask include:

What is a board, what is corporate governance and why even have a board?
What role can the board of directors play in the success of entrepreneurial businesses?
Don't boards just get in the way most of the time?
What viable models exist, to ensure the board adds value?
How should the board–manager relationship be managed?
How can I leverage the board's knowledge without them 'getting in the way'?

I will be in Brisbane Australia on Tue 7 February 2017 to help entrepreneurs and directors of entrepreneurial businesses explore these questions. The Brisbane branch of Entrepreneurs' Organisation, a global network of more than 10,000 business owners in 42 countries, has invited me to deliver a talk and to host a workshop for members. The title of the two sessions are as follows:

The board as a value-creating engine (talk over breakfast)
Boards, corporate governance and so on—what does it all mean, and who cares? (morning workshop)

If you would like to know more, follow the link, or get in touch with the team at EO Brisbane Events.

Published on: 4 January 2017

Emergent challenges for boards of directors in 2017

The action of turning the calendar to welcome a new year generally sees commentators spring into print, creating lists of trends, predictions and recommendations for their field of interest. This year has been no exception, with many contributions in the areas of boards, board practice and corporate governance including by the CEO of Diligent Corporation, EY, KPMG, the Institute of Directors and Martin Lipton, amongst others. Some of the suggestions are specific to a jurisdiction or an operating context and some, when read together, are contradictory. How should boards and directors decide what is important and how their time should be allocated? Which commentaries are most relevant, and what issues do boards need to pay closest attention to?

Rightly understood, the role of the board is to govern: to provide steerage and guidance to ensure desired company goals (purpose) are achieved (i.e., to practice corporate governance). The board needs to give its full attention to this demanding task, lest it become a cost centre—simply monitoring management—or, worse, subservient to management. The following suggestions provide a starting point for boards wishing to improve effectiveness in 2017:

The pursuit of value (embrace a performance orientation): The board of directors carries the ultimate responsibility for business performance. This is understood in law, but what of practice? When surveyed or interviewed, many directors say that business performance is a high priority of the board. However, a quick review of how boards actually spend their time reveals a slightly different story: most boards seem to be more concerned with compliance, monitoring and control activities—the avoidance of corporate and reputational risk. If the board is to fulfil its responsibilities well, it needs to become a source of value creation (cf. value protection or risk avoidance). This means allocating sufficient time to the consideration of corporate purpose and strategy, and ensuring that all strategic decisions are taken, explicitly, in the context of the agreed purpose and strategy. (This is not to say that performance monitoring should be ignored. Rather, boards need to ask management to report actual performance against agreed strategy and strategic priorities, so that the board can determine whether desired outcomes are being achieved or not. If the CEO's report is written in this way, the board can take it as read, rather than waste time interrogating each section.)

Understand and respond to the complex risk landscape: In recent years, many correspondents have encouraged boards and directors to become more savvy in specific risk areas. These have included climate change, cybersecurity and disruptive technologies, amongst others. While calls for specific expertise to be added to the board are not inappropriate per se, the more pressing challenge for boards in 2017 is to embrace an increasingly complex risk landscape holistically. Directors, collectively, need to be able to identify major risks to the business (i.e., the achievement of strategy and desired performance goals) on an on-going basis and, having understood them, make informed decisions to maximise the chance of achieving the agreed strategy and goals. This is not to ask directors to be experts on all emerging risks in a dynamic landscape. That is wasteful and, probably, futile. Boards need to stay focussed on the big picture—the determination and achievement of strategy. In so doing, boards should seek out experts (notice the plural) from outside the company (this is important, otherwise, the board risks being captured by management), to address the board directly and debate the likelihood and appropriate response options to emergent risks. This additional source of information should enhance both the board's consideration of strategic options and the quality of the strategic decisions that follow.

Accountability: Many companies have suffered at the hands of sanguine and, sometimes, fraudulent managers and ineffective boards (because they are not sufficiently engaged or informed) in the past. Sadly, more examples emerged in 2016 to suggest that some boards continue to flout their responsibilities: Wynyard Group and Wells Fargo being two of them. It is little wonder that 2016 saw further rises in shareholder activism. At the core, the problem is social; one of behaviour and expectation. If boards are to contribute effectively, to minimise the chance of corporate failure, one or both of two accountabilities—the board holding management to account and the board providing an account to shareholders—must be addressed. Directors are appointed by shareholders, and boards are responsible for both ensuring the on-going performance of the company they are charged with governing and providing an account to shareholders. While a strategic mindset is crucial (the value creation imperative), the underlying attribute needs to be one of service: the board and management working harmoniously together, as a team in service of the company.

These suggestions are offered for the consideration of boards seeking to make effective contributions in 2017 and beyond. While this short list is neither exhaustive nor intended to replace any other list, it may provide a useful basis for debate at a board meeting. The three suggestions—drawn from personal observations of boards in action, interactions with directors and readings—seek to establish an overall context to assist boards consider emerging trends and strategic opportunities, and so govern effectively in an increasingly complex world. If you would like to discuss the applicability of these suggestions to your situation, please get in touch.

Published on: 2 January 2017

The gift of time: use it to your advantage

One of the great joys of the holiday season is the opportunity it presents to let the mind wander, both to relax and recharge after a busy year, and to draw strength for the year ahead. Whether out walking, chatting with friends, completing personal projects or, more simply, sitting and reading, the time and space afforded by the lull in both business activity and the associated flow of correspondence is one to be savoured.

Amongst the books and papers that I have read recently, the edited summary of a speech by Admiral James Stavridis at the National Defence University convocation in 2011 stood out. (Stavridis retired from the US Navy in 2013. He is now Dean of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.) Stavridis offered the class of 2012 three keys to successful leadership in the 21st-century: read, think, write. The straightforward though wide-ranging message contained some real gems, applicable to leaders from many walks of life, especially those involved in demanding and fluid environments. Here are a few of the standout comments:

"The quintessential skill of an officer [leader] it to bring order out of chaos."

"Reading is the rock upon which you will build the rest of your career."

"We must think our way to success in incredibly complex scenarios."

"After you read and think, I would argue you must write. Writing is essential in communicating what we have learned, as well as allowing others to challenge our views and thus make them stronger."

"Diversity of capabilities, capacities, and responses to any challenge should be seen as a strength, not a weakness, but only if action and tools can be used synergistically."

Stavridis said that collaboration, an innovative mindset and a preparedness to move quickly in response to emergent opportunities are crucial attributes if leaders are to meet and successfully overcome complex situations. The keys—of reading, thinking and writing—provide the foundation. However, a comprehensive approach is still needed: to bring together and synergise the talents of a variety of people from many different quarters, because no one person has all the insights let alone answers.

The parallels between the military examples mentioned by Stavridis and the business context are striking. If military campaigns are to be successful, generals must understand complex and fluid situations, deal with emergent opportunities and challenges, and make decisions promptly. Similarly, company success is contingent in no small measure on the effectiveness of the board as a decision-making team.

Despite the seemingly unending demands that press in, the most valuable asset in the director's arsenal remains: the gift of time. How will you use it to your advantage over the next twelve months?

Published on: 29 November 2016

GIAconf'16: Day One (continued)

This is the second update of several to summarise observations from the 33rd Governance Institute of Australia National Conference being held in Sydney this week. You can read the first update (opening session) here. This update includes observations from the late morning and early afternoon sessions.

The question explored by the panel in the late morning session was "Creating a safe harbour: Beyond the business judgement rule". Judith Fox (GIA Policy Director), Prof. Pamela Hanrahan (UNSW Business School) and John Stanhope (Chairman, Australia Post) discussed proposed changes to company law (safe harbour provisions). The panel noted that the establishment of a 'safe harbour' clause might lead to inappropriate incentives for directors and executives. Whether this possibility is any better or worse than the current situation (of boards providing little if any guidance in their forward looking statements) was discussed at length. The question was not resolved explicitly. However, the panel did agree that it is reasonable to expect boards to provide shareholders with 'fair' and 'reasonable' guidance' to indicate strategic intent, so that shareholders could make informed decisions about their ongoing interest in holding shares and director selections.

The early afternoon session spoke to emerging trends that directors and boards need to be aware of if they are to contribute meaningfully to the future performance of the company. Specifically, the topics were the Internet of Things and Innovation. Mike Briers grabbed the audience's attention by demonstrating how pervasive the IoT phenomenon is becoming: the level of connectedness and quantity of data generated as a result of millions of connected devices is expected to dwarf every other sector of commerce and life except, perhaps, astronomy. The challenge that IoT presents for boards relates entirely to strategy. How can or should boards respond to the ever advancing wave of technological innovations? What impact might any of these innovations have on current business models and markets? Boards need to create space in their meetings (and perhaps add meetings to the calendar) to grapple with these questions directly. Briers suggested that the rate of innovation is occurring at such a pace and complexity that boards and executives will struggle to understand, let alone respond well. Therefore, boards need to seek symbiotic relationships with other companies and experts. Collaboration is no longer an option. Companies should also prioritise investments in 'complex integration solutions' over behemoth systems. Amongst the turmoil, one thing was clear: if companies are not actively investigating emerging trends and technologies including the Internet of Things (amongst others) they risk becoming irrelevant to their current and future customers.

Published on: 24 November 2016

Crafting an organisation with purpose

Earlier this year (September), I had the privilege of attending the Organisations with Purpose conference, an event that sought to address questions about why organisations exist—their reason for being. The two-day event, which was jointly organised by London Business School and Blueprint for Better Business, was well-attended by some leading academic thinkers and, significantly, a few influential business leaders as well.

An overriding theme pervaded the conference: Companies with a single, clearly defined and communicated purpose tend to perform better than those that do not. To hear others summarising evidence-based research and case studies on a topic that I've been interested in for some years was great. It filled in several gaps in my understanding. A summary of the conference proceedings is now available. I commend them to you.

The high point of the conference was the Blueprint for Better Business framework, a model to guide decision-making in purpose-driven businesses. It was compelling, to the extent that I've registered to attend a two-day immersion workshop, ahead of introducing the framework to companies in Australasia from early 2017.

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